Haigh, Thomas. “‘A Veritable Bucket of Facts’: Origins of the Data Base Management System.” ACM SIGMOD Record 35, no. 2 (2006): 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1145/1147376.1147382.
Grafton, William. “IMS: Past, Present, Future.” Datamation, September 1983. https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2022/02/102796683-05-01-acc.pdf
“Chapter 3: Making Data Programmable.” 2025. In Archiving Machines: From Punch Cards to Platforms, by Amelia Acker. The Information Society Series. MIT Press. https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/6055/Archiving-MachinesFrom-Punch-Cards-to-Platforms.
Olson, H.A. “Exclusivity, Teleology and Hierarchy: Our Aristotelean Legacy.” Knowledge Organization 29, no. 2 (1999): 65–73. https://www.imrpress.com/journal/KO/26/2/10.5771/0943-7444-1999-2-65/pdf.
Optional
Berman, Uri. 2007. Birth of IMS. R0367.2017. Computer History Museum. https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2016/08/500001032-05-01-acc.pdf.
Driscoll, Kevin. “From Punched Cards to ‘Big Data’: A Social History of Database Populism.” Communication 1, no. 1 (2012): 1–33. https://doi.org/10.7275/R5B8562P.
In class
Dr. Dobb’s Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia