Deadlines
Essay 1: Tuesday, April 22, 2025
Essay 2: Tuesday, May 6, 2025
Essay 3: Tuesday, May 20, 2025
Essay 4: Tuesday, June 3, 2025 This assignment is canceled! However, you are welcome to use this as an opportunity to make up for any annotation assignment you’ve missed.
In addition to your annotated essays, a short synthesis essay is due on Tuesday, June 10, 2025.
Description
There is so much to read on this subject—way more than we can fit in one quarter! This assignment encourages you to keep reading along paths that interest you by asking you to select four of the following readings to annotate yourself.
You should aim for between 10 and 20 annotations per essay. Referring to the annotation types described here, one of the annotations should give context, one should be a comment, and the rest may be distributed among the other categories described on the page.
Grading
If you’d like to receive 100% for this assignment, you should fulfill all of the requirements for four essays. For 90%, you should fulfill requirements for three essays; 80%, two essays; 70%, one essay; and for 0, none of the essays.
Possible essays
Abdilla, Angie, Noelani Arista, Kaipulaumakaniolono Baker, Scott Benesiinaabandan, Michelle Brown, Melanie Cheung, Meredith Coleman, et al. “Indigenous Protocol and Artificial Intelligence Position Paper,” 2020. https://doi.org/10.11573/SPECTRUM.LIBRARY.CONCORDIA.CA.00986506.
Adair, Cassius. “Licensing Citizenship: Anti-Blackness, Identification Documents, and Transgender Studies.” American Quarterly 71, no. 2 (2019): 569–94. https://doi.org/10.1353/aq.2019.0043.
Ajunwa, Ifeoma. “The ‘Black Box’ at Work.” Big Data & Society 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 2053951720966181. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720938093.
Akbari, Azadeh. “The Politics of Data Justice: Exit, Voice, or Rehumanisation?” Information, Communication & Society 0, no. 0 (n.d.): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2024.2437015.
Bennett, Cynthia L., and Os Keyes. “What Is the Point of Fairness? Disability, AI and the Complexity of Justice.” ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing, no. 125 (March 2, 2020): 5:1. https://doi.org/10.1145/3386296.3386301.
Bivens, Rena. “The Gender Binary Will Not Be Deprogrammed: Ten Years of Coding Gender on Facebook.” New Media & Society, December 27, 2015, 1461444815621527. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815621527.
Bolukbasi, Tolga, Kai-Wei Chang, James Y Zou, Venkatesh Saligrama, and Adam T Kalai. “Man Is to Computer Programmer as Woman Is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 29. Curran Associates, Inc., 2016. https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2016/hash/a486cd07e4ac3d270571622f4f316ec5-Abstract.html.
Braun, Matthias, and Patrik Hummel. “Data Justice and Data Solidarity.” Patterns 3, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 100427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2021.100427.
Brilmyer, Gracen, and Crystal Lee. “Terms of Use: Crip Legibility in Information Systems.” First Monday, January 16, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v28i1.12935.
Brown, Nicole M., Ruby Mendenhall, Michael L. Black, Mark Van Moer, Assata Zerai, and Karen Flynn. “Mechanized Margin to Digitized Center: Black Feminism’s Contributions to Combatting Erasure within the Digital Humanities.” International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing, March 9, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3366/ijhac.2016.0163.
Browne, Jude. “AI and Structural Injustice: A Feminist Perspective.” In Feminist AI, edited by Jude Browne, Stephen Cave, Eleanor Drage, and Kerry McInerney, 1st ed., 328–46. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192889898.003.0019.
Buolamwini, Joy, and Timnit Gebru. “Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification.” In Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency, 77–91. PMLR, 2018. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/buolamwini18a.html.
Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Desi Rodriguez-Lonebear, and Andrew Martinez. “Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations.” Data Science Journal 18, no. 1 (July 8, 2019): 31. https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2019-031.
Chan, Anita Say. “Introduction: Predatory Data: Civic Amputations in the Global Data Economy.” In Predatory Data: Eugenics in Big Tech and Our Fight for an Independent Future, 1–28. University of California Press, 2025. https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.20829414.4.
Cheney-Lippold, John. “Categorization: Making Data Useful.” In We Are Data: Algorithms and the Making of Our Digital Selves. New York: New York University Press, 2017.
Christie, Michael. “Computer Databases and Aboriginal Knowledge.” International Journal of Learning in Social Contexts 1 (2004): 4–12.
“Civil Rights, Big Data, and Our Algorithmic Future.” Washington, D.C.: Upturn. Accessed March 25, 2025. https://bigdata.fairness.io/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/2015-04-20-Civil-Rights-Big-Data-and-Our-Algorithmic-Future-v1.2.pdf.
Costanza-Chock, Sasha. “Design Justice, A.I., and Escape from the Matrix of Domination.” Journal of Design and Science, July 16, 2018. https://doi.org/10.21428/96c8d426.
#DataBack: Asserting & Supporting Indigenous Data Sovereignty. “#DataBack: Asserting & Supporting Indigenous Data Sovereignty.” Accessed December 5, 2022. https://databack.animikii.com/index.
Dencik (Lina), and Sanchez-Monedero (Javier). “Data Justice.” Info:eu-repo/semantics/article. Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society gGmbH, January 14, 2022. https://doi.org/10.14763/2022.1.1615.
Dencik, Lina, and Sanne Stevens. “Regimes of Justification in the Datafied Workplace: The Case of Hiring.” New Media & Society 25, no. 12 (2023): 3657–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211052893.
Duarte, Marisa Elena, and Miranda Belarde-Lewis. “Imagining: Creating Spaces for Indigenous Ontologies.” Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 53, no. 5–6 (July 4, 2015): 677–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2015.1018396.
Gaboury, Jacob. “Becoming NULL: Queer Relations in the Excluded Middle.” Women & Performance 28, no. 2 (July 19, 2018). https://www.womenandperformance.org/bonus-articles-1/jacob-gaboury-28-2.
Gebru, Timnit, and Remi Denton. “Beyond Fairness in Computer Vision: A Holistic Approach to Mitigating Harms and Fostering Community-Rooted Computer Vision Research.” Accessed December 16, 2024. https://cdn.sanity.io/files/wc2kmxvk/revamp/79776912203edccc44f84d26abed846b9b23cb06.pdf.
Green, Ben. “Data Science as Political Action: Grounding Data Science in a Politics of Justice.” Journal of Social Computing 2, no. 3 (September 2021): 249–65. https://doi.org/10.23919/JSC.2021.0029.
Guiliano, Jennifer, and Laura Estill. “What Gets Categorized Counts: Controlled Vocabularies, Digital Affordances, and the International Digital Humanities Conference.” Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 1088–1100. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqac091.
Hancox-Li, Leif, and I. Elizabeth Kumar. “Epistemic Values in Feature Importance Methods: Lessons from Feminist Epistemology.” In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 817–26. Virtual Event Canada: ACM, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445943.
Hoffmann, Anna Lauren. “Where Fairness Fails: Data, Algorithms, and the Limits of Antidiscrimination Discourse.” Information, Communication & Society 22, no. 7 (June 7, 2019): 900–915. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1573912.
Hurley, Mikella, and Julius Adebayo. “Credit Scoring in the Era of Big Data.” Yale Journal of Law and Technology 18 (2016). https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/7808/Hurley_Mikella.pdf.
“Introduction: The New Jim Code.” In Race after Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code / Ruha Benjamin., 1–48. Cambridge, UK ; Polity, 2019.
Jameson, Shazade, Linnet Taylor, and Merel Noorman. “Data Governance Clinics: A New Approach to Public-Interest Technology in Cities.” Tilburg, Netherlands: Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society, 2021.
Johnson, Jessica Marie. “Markup Bodies: Black [Life] Studies and Slavery [Death] Studies at the Digital Crossroads.” Social Text 36, no. 4 (137) (December 1, 2018): 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-7145658.
Kalluri, Pratyusha Ria, William Agnew, Myra Cheng, Kentrell Owens, Luca Soldaini, and Abeba Birhane. “The Surveillance AI Pipeline.” arXiv, October 17, 2023. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.15084.
Kennedy, Loraine, Ashima Sood, Debdatta Chakraborty, and Ram Mohan Chitta. “Interrogating Data Justice on Hyderabad’s Urban Frontier: Information Politics and the Internal Differentiation of Vulnerable Communities.” Information, Communication & Society 25, no. 9 (July 4, 2022): 1273–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1851388.
Keyes, Os. “The Misgendering Machines: Trans/HCI Implications of Automatic Gender Recognition.” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, no. CSCW (November 1, 2018): 88:1-88:22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274357.
Kraft, Angelie, and Eloïse Soulier. “Knowledge-Enhanced Language Models Are Not Bias-Proof: Situated Knowledge and Epistemic Injustice in AI.” In The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 1433–45. Rio de Janeiro Brazil: ACM, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.3658981.
Kyvernitou, Ioanna, and Antonis Bikakis. “An Ontology for Gendered Content Representation of Cultural Heritage Artefacts.” Digital Humanities Quarterly 11, no. 3 (2017). http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/11/3/000316/000316.html.
Madden, Mary, Michele E. Gilman, Karen Levy, and Alice E. Marwick. “Privacy, Poverty and Big Data: A Matrix of Vulnerabilities for Poor Americans.” SSRN Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, March 9, 2017. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2930247.
Mateescu, Alexandra, and Aiha Nguyen. “Explainer: Workplace Monitoring & Surveillance.” New York, NY: Data & Society, February 2019. https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/DS_Workplace_Monitoring_Surveillance_Explainer.pdf.
Meyerend, Daniel. “The Algorithm Knows I’m Black: From Users to Subjects.” Media, Culture & Society, December 7, 2022, 01634437221140539. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221140539.
Miceli, Milagros. “Data Work and Its Layers of (In)Visibility.” MediaWell, Social Science Research Council, September 6, 2023. https://just-tech.ssrc.org/articles/data-work-and-its-layers-of-invisibility/.
Moura, Ian. “Encoding Normative Ethics: On Algorithmic Bias and Disability.” First Monday, January 16, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v28i1.12905.
Mullen, Lincoln A. “Lynching, Visualization, and Visibility.” The Journal of Southern Religion 17 (2015). http://jsreligion.org/issues/vol17/mullen.html.
“Nature and Space.” In Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed, 9–52. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.
Newman-Griffis, Denis, Jessica Sage Rauchberg, Rahaf Alharbi, Louise Hickman, and Harry Hochheiser. “Definition Drives Design: Disability Models and Mechanisms of Bias in AI Technologies.” First Monday, January 16, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v28i1.12903.
Patterson, Sarah. “Toward Meaning-Making in the Digital Age: Black Women, Black Data and Colored Conventions.” Common-Place 16, no. 1 (Fall 2015): n.p.
Pittman, John P. “Double Consciousness.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman, Summer 2024. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2024. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/double-consciousness/.
Powles, Julia. “The Seductive Diversion of ‘Solving’ Bias in Artificial Intelligence.” OneZero (blog), December 7, 2018. https://onezero.medium.com/the-seductive-diversion-of-solving-bias-in-artificial-intelligence-890df5e5ef53.
Redden, Joanna, Dencik ,Lina, and Harry and Warne. “Datafied Child Welfare Services: Unpacking Politics, Economics and Power.” Policy Studies 41, no. 5 (September 2, 2020): 507–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2020.1724928.
Ruppert, Evelyn, Engin Isin, and Didier Bigo. “Data Politics.” Big Data & Society 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717717749.
Sadowski, Jathan. “Data.” In The Mechanic and the Luddite. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2025.
Sætra, Henrik Skaug, and Evan Selinger. “Technological Remedies for Social Problems: Defining and Demarcating Techno-Fixes and Techno-Solutionism.” Science and Engineering Ethics 30, no. 6 (December 2, 2024): 60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-024-00524-x.
Solano, Joan Lopez, Aaron Martin, Franklyn Ohai, Siddharth de Souza, and Linnet Taylor. “Digital Disruption or Crisis Capitalism?” Tilburg, Netherlands: Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society, May 2022.
Stevens, Nikki, and Os Keyes. “Seeing Infrastructure: Race, Facial Recognition and the Politics of Data.” Cultural Studies 35, no. 4–5 (September 3, 2021): 833–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2021.1895252.
Stone, Deborah. “The 2017 James Madison Award Lecture: The Ethics of Counting.” PS: Political Science & Politics 51, no. 1 (January 2018): 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096517001767.
U.S. PIRG Education Fund. “Trouble in Toyland 2023,” November 16, 2023. https://pirg.org/edfund/resources/trouble-in-toyland-2023/.
Viljoen, Salomé. “A Relational Theory of Data Governance.” Accessed March 25, 2025. https://www.yalelawjournal.org/feature/a-relational-theory-of-data-governance.
Weitzberg, Keren, Margie Cheesman, Aaron Martin, and Emrys Schoemaker. “Between Surveillance and Recognition: Rethinking Digital Identity in Aid.” Big Data & Society 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 20539517211006744.
Widder, David Gray, and Dawn Nafus. “Dislocated Accountabilities in the ‘AI Supply Chain’: Modularity and Developers’ Notions of Responsibility.” Big Data & Society 10, no. 1 (January 2023): 20539517231177620. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517231177620.