{"id":483,"date":"2026-03-26T23:20:31","date_gmt":"2026-03-26T23:20:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/miriamposner.com\/classes\/dh150s26\/?page_id=483"},"modified":"2026-03-31T13:50:23","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T13:50:23","slug":"annotation-bank","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/miriamposner.com\/classes\/dh150s26\/assignments\/solo-annotation\/annotation-bank\/","title":{"rendered":"Annotation Bank"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>Overwhelmed? Talk to Prof. Posner about what you&#8217;re interested in and we&#8217;ll find something for you.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Abdilla, Angie, Noelani Arista, Kaipulaumakaniolono Baker, Scott Benesiinaabandan, Michelle Brown, Melanie Cheung, Meredith Coleman, et al. \u201cIndigenous Protocol and Artificial Intelligence Position Paper,\u201d 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11573\/SPECTRUM.LIBRARY.CONCORDIA.CA.00986506\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11573\/SPECTRUM.LIBRARY.CONCORDIA.CA.00986506<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Adair, Cassius. \u201cLicensing Citizenship: Anti-Blackness, Identification Documents, and Transgender Studies.\u201d <em>American Quarterly<\/em> 71, no. 2 (2019): 569\u201394. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/aq.2019.0043\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/aq.2019.0043<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ajunwa, Ifeoma. \u201cThe \u2018Black Box\u2019 at Work.\u201d <em>Big Data &amp; Society<\/em> 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 2053951720966181. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951720938093\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951720938093<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Akbari, Azadeh. \u201cThe Politics of Data Justice: Exit, Voice, or Rehumanisation?\u201d <em>Information, Communication &amp; Society<\/em> 0, no. 0 (n.d.): 1\u201317. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2024.2437015\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2024.2437015<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Amoore, Louise. \u201cDoubt and the Algorithm: On the Partial Accounts of Machine Learning.\u201d <em>Theory, Culture &amp; Society<\/em> 36, no. 6 (2019): 147\u201369. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0263276419851846\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0263276419851846<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bennett, Cynthia L., and Os Keyes. \u201cWhat Is the Point of Fairness? Disability, AI and the Complexity of Justice.\u201d <em>ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing<\/em>, no. 125 (March 2, 2020): 5:1. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3386296.3386301\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3386296.3386301<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bivens, Rena. \u201cThe Gender Binary Will Not Be Deprogrammed: Ten Years of Coding Gender on Facebook.\u201d <em>New Media &amp; Society<\/em>, December 27, 2015, 1461444815621527. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444815621527\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444815621527<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bolukbasi, Tolga, Kai-Wei Chang, James Y Zou, Venkatesh Saligrama, and Adam T Kalai. \u201cMan Is to Computer Programmer as Woman Is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings.\u201d In <em>Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems<\/em>, Vol. 29. Curran Associates, Inc., 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/2016\/hash\/a486cd07e4ac3d270571622f4f316ec5-Abstract.html\">https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/2016\/hash\/a486cd07e4ac3d270571622f4f316ec5-Abstract.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Braun, Matthias, and Patrik Hummel. \u201cData Justice and Data Solidarity.\u201d <em>Patterns<\/em> 3, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 100427. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patter.2021.100427\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patter.2021.100427<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brilmyer, Gracen, and Crystal Lee. \u201cTerms of Use: Crip Legibility in Information Systems.\u201d <em>First Monday<\/em>, January 16, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5210\/fm.v28i1.12935\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5210\/fm.v28i1.12935<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brown, Nicole M., Ruby Mendenhall, Michael L. Black, Mark Van Moer, Assata Zerai, and Karen Flynn. \u201cMechanized Margin to Digitized Center: Black Feminism\u2019s Contributions to Combatting Erasure within the Digital Humanities.\u201d <em>International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing<\/em>, March 9, 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3366\/ijhac.2016.0163\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3366\/ijhac.2016.0163<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Browne, Jude. \u201cAI and Structural Injustice: A Feminist Perspective.\u201d In <em>Feminist AI<\/em>, edited by Jude Browne, Stephen Cave, Eleanor Drage, and Kerry McInerney, 1st ed., 328\u201346. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780192889898.003.0019\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780192889898.003.0019<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mikael Brunila, \u201cCosine Capital: Large Language Models and the Embedding of All Things,\u201d <em>Big Data &amp; Society<\/em> 12, no. 4 (2025): 20539517251386055, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517251386055\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517251386055<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Buolamwini, Joy, and Timnit Gebru. \u201cGender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification.\u201d In <em>Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency<\/em>, 77\u201391. PMLR, 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v81\/buolamwini18a.html\">https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v81\/buolamwini18a.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sarah Burkhardt and Bernhard Rieder, \u201cFoundation Models Are Platform Models: Prompting and the Political Economy of AI,\u201d <em>Big Data &amp; Society<\/em> 11, no. 2 (2024): 20539517241247839, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517241247839\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517241247839<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Desi Rodriguez-Lonebear, and Andrew Martinez. \u201cIndigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations.\u201d <em>Data Science Journal<\/em> 18, no. 1 (July 8, 2019): 31. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/dsj-2019-031\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/dsj-2019-031<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chan, Anita Say. \u201cIntroduction: Predatory Data: Civic Amputations in the Global Data Economy.\u201d In <em>Predatory Data: Eugenics in Big Tech and Our Fight for an Independent Future<\/em>, 1\u201328. University of California Press, 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/jj.20829414.4\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/jj.20829414.4<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cheney-Lippold, John. \u201cCategorization: Making Data Useful.\u201d In <em>We Are Data: Algorithms and the Making of Our Digital Selves<\/em>. New York: New York University Press, 2017. (Ask Prof. Posner for a copy of this.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Christie, Michael. \u201cComputer Databases and Aboriginal Knowledge.\u201d <em>International Journal of Learning in Social Contexts<\/em> 1 (2004): 4\u201312. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdu.edu.au\/centres\/ik\/pdf\/CompDatAbKnow.pdf\">https:\/\/www.cdu.edu.au\/centres\/ik\/pdf\/CompDatAbKnow.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cCivil Rights, Big Data, and Our Algorithmic Future.\u201d Washington, D.C.: Upturn. Accessed March 25, 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/bigdata.fairness.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/2015-04-20-Civil-Rights-Big-Data-and-Our-Algorithmic-Future-v1.2.pdf\">https:\/\/bigdata.fairness.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/2015-04-20-Civil-Rights-Big-Data-and-Our-Algorithmic-Future-v1.2.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Costanza-Chock, Sasha. \u201cDesign Justice, A.I., and Escape from the Matrix of Domination.\u201d <em>Journal of Design and Science<\/em>, July 16, 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21428\/96c8d426\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21428\/96c8d426<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dancy, Christopher L., and P. Khalil Saucier. \u201cAI and Blackness: Towards Moving beyond Bias and Representation.\u201d <em>IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society<\/em> 3, no. 1 (2022): 31\u201340. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TTS.2021.3125998\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TTS.2021.3125998<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dencik, Lina, and Javier Sanchez-Monedero. \u201cData Justice.\u201d Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society gGmbH, January 14, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14763\/2022.1.1615\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14763\/2022.1.1615<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dencik, Lina, and Sanne Stevens. \u201cRegimes of Justification in the Datafied Workplace: The Case of Hiring.\u201d <em>New Media &amp; Society<\/em> 25, no. 12 (2023): 3657\u201375. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448211052893\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448211052893<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Duarte, Marisa Elena, and Miranda Belarde-Lewis. \u201cImagining: Creating Spaces for Indigenous Ontologies.\u201d <em>Cataloging &amp; Classification Quarterly<\/em> 53, no. 5\u20136 (July 4, 2015): 677\u2013702. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639374.2015.1018396\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639374.2015.1018396<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gaboury, Jacob. \u201cBecoming NULL: Queer Relations in the Excluded Middle.\u201d <em>Women &amp; Performance<\/em> 28, no. 2 (July 19, 2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.womenandperformance.org\/bonus-articles-1\/jacob-gaboury-28-2\">https:\/\/www.womenandperformance.org\/bonus-articles-1\/jacob-gaboury-28-2<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gebru, Timnit, and Remi Denton. \u201cBeyond Fairness in Computer Vision: A Holistic Approach to Mitigating Harms and Fostering Community-Rooted Computer Vision Research.\u201d Accessed December 16, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.sanity.io\/files\/wc2kmxvk\/revamp\/79776912203edccc44f84d26abed846b9b23cb06.pdf\">https:\/\/cdn.sanity.io\/files\/wc2kmxvk\/revamp\/79776912203edccc44f84d26abed846b9b23cb06.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Camille Girard-Chanudet, \u201cGround-Truth Is Law: The Invisible Conceptual Work behind AI,\u201d <em>Big Data &amp; Society<\/em> 12, no. 2 (2025): 20539517251352823, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517251352823\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517251352823<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Green, Ben. \u201cData Science as Political Action: Grounding Data Science in a Politics of Justice.\u201d <em>Journal of Social Computing<\/em> 2, no. 3 (September 2021): 249\u201365. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/JSC.2021.0029\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/JSC.2021.0029<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Guiliano, Jennifer, and Laura Estill. \u201cWhat Gets Categorized Counts: Controlled Vocabularies, Digital Affordances, and the International Digital Humanities Conference.\u201d <em>Digital Scholarship in the Humanities<\/em> 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 1088\u20131100. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/llc\/fqac091\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/llc\/fqac091<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hancox-Li, Leif, and I. Elizabeth Kumar. \u201cEpistemic Values in Feature Importance Methods: Lessons from Feminist Epistemology.\u201d In <em>Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency<\/em>, 817\u201326. Virtual Event Canada: ACM, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3442188.3445943\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3442188.3445943<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hofer, Jonathan, and Jonathan Fuentes. \u201cGuilt by Association: How California\u2019s CalGang Database and State Gang Laws Jeopardize Civil Liberties.\u201d <em>SSRN Electronic Journal<\/em>, ahead of print, 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.5124799\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.5124799<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hoffmann, Anna Lauren. \u201cWhere Fairness Fails: Data, Algorithms, and the Limits of Antidiscrimination Discourse.\u201d <em>Information, Communication &amp; Society<\/em> 22, no. 7 (June 7, 2019): 900\u2013915. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1573912\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1573912<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hofmann, Valentin, Pratyusha Ria Kalluri, Dan Jurafsky, and Sharese King. \u201cAI Generates Covertly Racist Decisions about People Based on Their Dialect.\u201d <em>Nature<\/em> 633, no. 8028 (2024): 147\u201354. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07856-5\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07856-5<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hurley, Mikella, and Julius Adebayo. \u201cCredit Scoring in the Era of Big Data.\u201d <em>Yale Journal of Law and Technology<\/em> 18 (2016). <a href=\"https:\/\/openyls.law.yale.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.13051\/7808\/Hurley_Mikella.pdf\">https:\/\/openyls.law.yale.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.13051\/7808\/Hurley_Mikella.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Iliadis, Andrew, and Amelia Acker. \u201cThe Palantir Files: Public Interest Archives for Platform Accountability.\u201d <em>Information, Communication &amp; Society<\/em> 27, no. 13 (2024): 2343\u201365. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2024.2352624\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2024.2352624<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Iliadis, Andrew, and Amelia Acker. \u201cThe Seer and the Seen: Surveying Palantir\u2019s Surveillance Platform.\u201d <em>The Information Society<\/em> 38, no. 5 (2022): 334\u201363. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01972243.2022.2100851\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01972243.2022.2100851<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIntroduction: The New Jim Code.\u201d In <em>Race after Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code&nbsp; \/ Ruha Benjamin.<\/em>, 1\u201348. Cambridge, UK\u202f; Polity, 2019. (Ask Prof. Posner for a copy of this.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Johnson, Jessica Marie. \u201cMarkup Bodies: Black [Life] Studies and Slavery [Death] Studies at the Digital Crossroads.\u201d <em>Social Text<\/em> 36, no. 4 (137) (December 1, 2018): 57\u201379. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/01642472-7145658\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/01642472-7145658<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kalluri, Pratyusha Ria, William Agnew, Myra Cheng, Kentrell Owens, Luca Soldaini, and Abeba Birhane. \u201cThe Surveillance AI Pipeline.\u201d arXiv, October 17, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2309.15084\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2309.15084<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kennedy, Loraine, Ashima Sood, Debdatta Chakraborty, and Ram Mohan Chitta. \u201cInterrogating Data Justice on Hyderabad\u2019s Urban Frontier: Information Politics and the Internal Differentiation of Vulnerable Communities.\u201d <em>Information, Communication &amp; Society<\/em> 25, no. 9 (July 4, 2022): 1273\u201392. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1851388\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1851388<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keyes, Os. \u201cThe Misgendering Machines: Trans\/HCI Implications of Automatic Gender Recognition.\u201d <em>Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction<\/em> 2, no. CSCW (November 1, 2018): 88:1-88:22. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3274357\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3274357<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kraft, Angelie, and Elo\u00efse Soulier. \u201cKnowledge-Enhanced Language Models Are Not Bias-Proof: Situated Knowledge and Epistemic Injustice in AI.\u201d In <em>The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency<\/em>, 1433\u201345. Rio de Janeiro Brazil: ACM, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3630106.3658981\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3630106.3658981<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kyvernitou, Ioanna, and Antonis Bikakis. \u201cAn Ontology for Gendered Content Representation of Cultural Heritage Artefacts.\u201d <em>Digital Humanities Quarterly<\/em> 11, no. 3 (2017). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.digitalhumanities.org\/dhq\/vol\/11\/3\/000316\/000316.html\">http:\/\/www.digitalhumanities.org\/dhq\/vol\/11\/3\/000316\/000316.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dieuwertje Luitse and Wiebke Denkena, \u201cThe Great Transformer: Examining the Role of Large Language Models in the Political Economy of AI,\u201d <em>Big Data &amp; Society<\/em> 8, no. 2 (2021): 20539517211047734, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517211047734\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517211047734<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Madden, Mary, Michele E. Gilman, Karen Levy, and Alice E. Marwick. \u201cPrivacy, Poverty and Big Data: A Matrix of Vulnerabilities for Poor Americans.\u201d SSRN Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, March 9, 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=2930247\">https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=2930247<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mateescu, Alexandra, and Aiha Nguyen. \u201cExplainer: Workplace Monitoring &amp; Surveillance.\u201d New York, NY: Data &amp; Society, February 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/datasociety.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/DS_Workplace_Monitoring_Surveillance_Explainer.pdf\">https:\/\/datasociety.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/DS_Workplace_Monitoring_Surveillance_Explainer.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Messeri, Lisa, and M. J. Crockett. \u201cArtificial Intelligence and Illusions of Understanding in Scientific Research.\u201d <em>Nature<\/em> 627, no. 8002 (2024): 49\u201358. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07146-0\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07146-0<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meyerend, Daniel. \u201cThe Algorithm Knows I\u2019m Black: From Users to Subjects.\u201d <em>Media, Culture &amp; Society<\/em>, December 7, 2022, 01634437221140539. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01634437221140539\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01634437221140539<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Miceli, Milagros. \u201c\u00adData Work and Its Layers of (In)Visibility.\u201d MediaWell, Social Science Research Council, September 6, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/just-tech.ssrc.org\/articles\/data-work-and-its-layers-of-invisibility\/\">https:\/\/just-tech.ssrc.org\/articles\/data-work-and-its-layers-of-invisibility\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br>Milner, Yeshimabeit and Amy Traub, Data Capitalism and Algorithmic Racism (Demos, 2021), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.demos.org\/research\/data-capitalism-and-algorithmic-racism\">https:\/\/www.demos.org\/research\/data-capitalism-and-algorithmic-racism<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moura, Ian. \u201cEncoding Normative Ethics: On Algorithmic Bias and Disability.\u201d <em>First Monday<\/em>, January 16, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5210\/fm.v28i1.12905\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5210\/fm.v28i1.12905<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mullen, Lincoln A. \u201cLynching, Visualization, and Visibility.\u201d <em>The Journal of Southern Religion<\/em> 17 (2015). <a href=\"http:\/\/jsreligion.org\/issues\/vol17\/mullen.html\">http:\/\/jsreligion.org\/issues\/vol17\/mullen.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cNature and Space.\u201d In <em>Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed<\/em>, 9\u201352. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. (Ask Prof. Posner for a copy of this.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Newman-Griffis, Denis, Jessica Sage Rauchberg, Rahaf Alharbi, Louise Hickman, and Harry Hochheiser. \u201cDefinition Drives Design: Disability Models and Mechanisms of Bias in AI Technologies.\u201d <em>First Monday<\/em>, January 16, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5210\/fm.v28i1.12903\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5210\/fm.v28i1.12903<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Patterson, Sarah. \u201cToward Meaning-Making in the Digital Age: Black Women, Black Data and Colored Conventions.\u201d <em>Common-Place<\/em> 16, no. 1 (Fall 2015). <a href=\"https:\/\/commonplace.online\/article\/toward-meaning-making-in-the-digital-age-black-women-black-data-and-colored-conventions\/\">https:\/\/commonplace.online\/article\/toward-meaning-making-in-the-digital-age-black-women-black-data-and-colored-conventions\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pittman, John P. \u201cDouble Consciousness.\u201d In <em>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/em>, edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman, Summer 2024. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/sum2024\/entries\/double-consciousness\/\">https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/sum2024\/entries\/double-consciousness\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Redden, Joanna, Dencik, Lina, and Harry and Warne. \u201cDatafied Child Welfare Services: Unpacking Politics, Economics and Power.\u201d <em>Policy Studies<\/em> 41, no. 5 (September 2, 2020): 507\u201326. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01442872.2020.1724928\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01442872.2020.1724928<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ruppert, Evelyn, Engin Isin, and Didier Bigo. \u201cData Politics.\u201d <em>Big Data &amp; Society<\/em> 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2017). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951717717749\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951717717749<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sadowski, Jathan. \u201cData.\u201d In <em>The Mechanic and the Luddite<\/em>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2025. (Ask Prof. Posner for a copy of this.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sadowski, Jathan. \u201cMachine\u2019s Eye View: Postmodern Data Science and the Politics of Ground Truth.\u201d <em>Science, Technology, &amp; Human Values<\/em> 51, no. 2 (2026): 251\u201376. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01622439251331138\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01622439251331138<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00e6tra, Henrik Skaug, and Evan Selinger. \u201cTechnological Remedies for Social Problems: Defining and Demarcating Techno-Fixes and Techno-Solutionism.\u201d <em>Science and Engineering Ethics<\/em> 30, no. 6 (December 2, 2024): 60. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00524-x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-024-00524-x<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stevens, Nikki, and Os Keyes. \u201cSeeing Infrastructure: Race, Facial Recognition and the Politics of Data.\u201d <em>Cultural Studies<\/em> 35, no. 4\u20135 (September 3, 2021): 833\u201353. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09502386.2021.1895252\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09502386.2021.1895252<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stone, Deborah. \u201cThe 2017 James Madison Award Lecture: The Ethics of Counting.\u201d <em>PS: Political Science &amp; Politics<\/em> 51, no. 1 (January 2018): 7\u201316. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1049096517001767\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1049096517001767<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lucy Suchman, \u201cImaginaries of Omniscience: Automating Intelligence in the US Department of Defense,\u201d <em>Social Studies of Science<\/em> 53, no. 5 (2023): 761\u201386, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03063127221104938\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03063127221104938<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Viljoen, Salom\u00e9. \u201cA Relational Theory of Data Governance.\u201d Accessed March 25, 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yalelawjournal.org\/feature\/a-relational-theory-of-data-governance\">https:\/\/www.yalelawjournal.org\/feature\/a-relational-theory-of-data-governance<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Weitzberg, Keren, Margie Cheesman, Aaron Martin, and Emrys Schoemaker. \u201cBetween Surveillance and Recognition: Rethinking Digital Identity in Aid.\u201d <em>Big Data &amp; Society<\/em> 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 20539517211006744.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Widder, David Gray, and Dawn Nafus. \u201cDislocated Accountabilities in the \u2018AI Supply Chain\u2019: Modularity and Developers\u2019 Notions of Responsibility.\u201d <em>Big Data &amp; Society<\/em> 10, no. 1 (January 2023): 20539517231177620. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517231177620\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517231177620<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Overwhelmed? Talk to Prof. Posner about what you&#8217;re interested in and we&#8217;ll find something for you. Abdilla, Angie, Noelani Arista, Kaipulaumakaniolono Baker, Scott Benesiinaabandan, Michelle Brown, Melanie Cheung, Meredith Coleman, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":126,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-483","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/miriamposner.com\/classes\/dh150s26\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/483","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/miriamposner.com\/classes\/dh150s26\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/miriamposner.com\/classes\/dh150s26\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miriamposner.com\/classes\/dh150s26\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miriamposner.com\/classes\/dh150s26\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=483"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/miriamposner.com\/classes\/dh150s26\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/483\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":487,"href":"https:\/\/miriamposner.com\/classes\/dh150s26\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/483\/revisions\/487"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/miriamposner.com\/classes\/dh150s26\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/126"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/miriamposner.com\/classes\/dh150s26\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=483"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}