Overwhelmed? Talk to Prof. Posner about what you’re interested in and we’ll find something for you.

Abdilla, Angie, Noelani Arista, Kaipulaumakaniolono Baker, Scott Benesiinaabandan, Michelle Brown, Melanie Cheung, Meredith Coleman, et al. “Indigenous Protocol and Artificial Intelligence Position Paper,” 2020. https://doi.org/10.11573/SPECTRUM.LIBRARY.CONCORDIA.CA.00986506.

Adair, Cassius. “Licensing Citizenship: Anti-Blackness, Identification Documents, and Transgender Studies.” American Quarterly 71, no. 2 (2019): 569–94. https://doi.org/10.1353/aq.2019.0043.

Ajunwa, Ifeoma. “The ‘Black Box’ at Work.” Big Data & Society 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 2053951720966181. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720938093.

Akbari, Azadeh. “The Politics of Data Justice: Exit, Voice, or Rehumanisation?” Information, Communication & Society 0, no. 0 (n.d.): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2024.2437015.

Amoore, Louise. “Doubt and the Algorithm: On the Partial Accounts of Machine Learning.” Theory, Culture & Society 36, no. 6 (2019): 147–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276419851846.

Bennett, Cynthia L., and Os Keyes. “What Is the Point of Fairness? Disability, AI and the Complexity of Justice.” ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing, no. 125 (March 2, 2020): 5:1. https://doi.org/10.1145/3386296.3386301.

Bivens, Rena. “The Gender Binary Will Not Be Deprogrammed: Ten Years of Coding Gender on Facebook.” New Media & Society, December 27, 2015, 1461444815621527. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815621527.

Bolukbasi, Tolga, Kai-Wei Chang, James Y Zou, Venkatesh Saligrama, and Adam T Kalai. “Man Is to Computer Programmer as Woman Is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 29. Curran Associates, Inc., 2016. https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2016/hash/a486cd07e4ac3d270571622f4f316ec5-Abstract.html.

Braun, Matthias, and Patrik Hummel. “Data Justice and Data Solidarity.” Patterns 3, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 100427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2021.100427.

Brilmyer, Gracen, and Crystal Lee. “Terms of Use: Crip Legibility in Information Systems.” First Monday, January 16, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v28i1.12935.

Brown, Nicole M., Ruby Mendenhall, Michael L. Black, Mark Van Moer, Assata Zerai, and Karen Flynn. “Mechanized Margin to Digitized Center: Black Feminism’s Contributions to Combatting Erasure within the Digital Humanities.” International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing, March 9, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3366/ijhac.2016.0163.

Browne, Jude. “AI and Structural Injustice: A Feminist Perspective.” In Feminist AI, edited by Jude Browne, Stephen Cave, Eleanor Drage, and Kerry McInerney, 1st ed., 328–46. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192889898.003.0019.

Mikael Brunila, “Cosine Capital: Large Language Models and the Embedding of All Things,” Big Data & Society 12, no. 4 (2025): 20539517251386055, https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517251386055.

Buolamwini, Joy, and Timnit Gebru. “Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification.” In Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency, 77–91. PMLR, 2018. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/buolamwini18a.html.

Sarah Burkhardt and Bernhard Rieder, “Foundation Models Are Platform Models: Prompting and the Political Economy of AI,” Big Data & Society 11, no. 2 (2024): 20539517241247839, https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517241247839.

Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Desi Rodriguez-Lonebear, and Andrew Martinez. “Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations.” Data Science Journal 18, no. 1 (July 8, 2019): 31. https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2019-031.

Chan, Anita Say. “Introduction: Predatory Data: Civic Amputations in the Global Data Economy.” In Predatory Data: Eugenics in Big Tech and Our Fight for an Independent Future, 1–28. University of California Press, 2025. https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.20829414.4.

Cheney-Lippold, John. “Categorization: Making Data Useful.” In We Are Data: Algorithms and the Making of Our Digital Selves. New York: New York University Press, 2017. (Ask Prof. Posner for a copy of this.)

Christie, Michael. “Computer Databases and Aboriginal Knowledge.” International Journal of Learning in Social Contexts 1 (2004): 4–12. https://www.cdu.edu.au/centres/ik/pdf/CompDatAbKnow.pdf.

“Civil Rights, Big Data, and Our Algorithmic Future.” Washington, D.C.: Upturn. Accessed March 25, 2025. https://bigdata.fairness.io/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/2015-04-20-Civil-Rights-Big-Data-and-Our-Algorithmic-Future-v1.2.pdf.

Costanza-Chock, Sasha. “Design Justice, A.I., and Escape from the Matrix of Domination.” Journal of Design and Science, July 16, 2018. https://doi.org/10.21428/96c8d426.

Dancy, Christopher L., and P. Khalil Saucier. “AI and Blackness: Towards Moving beyond Bias and Representation.” IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society 3, no. 1 (2022): 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2021.3125998.

Dencik, Lina, and Javier Sanchez-Monedero. “Data Justice.” Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society gGmbH, January 14, 2022. https://doi.org/10.14763/2022.1.1615.

Dencik, Lina, and Sanne Stevens. “Regimes of Justification in the Datafied Workplace: The Case of Hiring.” New Media & Society 25, no. 12 (2023): 3657–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211052893.

Duarte, Marisa Elena, and Miranda Belarde-Lewis. “Imagining: Creating Spaces for Indigenous Ontologies.” Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 53, no. 5–6 (July 4, 2015): 677–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2015.1018396.

Gaboury, Jacob. “Becoming NULL: Queer Relations in the Excluded Middle.” Women & Performance 28, no. 2 (July 19, 2018). https://www.womenandperformance.org/bonus-articles-1/jacob-gaboury-28-2.

Gebru, Timnit, and Remi Denton. “Beyond Fairness in Computer Vision: A Holistic Approach to Mitigating Harms and Fostering Community-Rooted Computer Vision Research.” Accessed December 16, 2024. https://cdn.sanity.io/files/wc2kmxvk/revamp/79776912203edccc44f84d26abed846b9b23cb06.pdf.

Camille Girard-Chanudet, “Ground-Truth Is Law: The Invisible Conceptual Work behind AI,” Big Data & Society 12, no. 2 (2025): 20539517251352823, https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517251352823.

Green, Ben. “Data Science as Political Action: Grounding Data Science in a Politics of Justice.” Journal of Social Computing 2, no. 3 (September 2021): 249–65. https://doi.org/10.23919/JSC.2021.0029.

Guiliano, Jennifer, and Laura Estill. “What Gets Categorized Counts: Controlled Vocabularies, Digital Affordances, and the International Digital Humanities Conference.” Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 1088–1100. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqac091.

Hancox-Li, Leif, and I. Elizabeth Kumar. “Epistemic Values in Feature Importance Methods: Lessons from Feminist Epistemology.” In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 817–26. Virtual Event Canada: ACM, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445943.

Hofer, Jonathan, and Jonathan Fuentes. “Guilt by Association: How California’s CalGang Database and State Gang Laws Jeopardize Civil Liberties.” SSRN Electronic Journal, ahead of print, 2025. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5124799.

Hoffmann, Anna Lauren. “Where Fairness Fails: Data, Algorithms, and the Limits of Antidiscrimination Discourse.” Information, Communication & Society 22, no. 7 (June 7, 2019): 900–915. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1573912.

Hofmann, Valentin, Pratyusha Ria Kalluri, Dan Jurafsky, and Sharese King. “AI Generates Covertly Racist Decisions about People Based on Their Dialect.” Nature 633, no. 8028 (2024): 147–54. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07856-5.

Hurley, Mikella, and Julius Adebayo. “Credit Scoring in the Era of Big Data.” Yale Journal of Law and Technology 18 (2016). https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/7808/Hurley_Mikella.pdf.

Iliadis, Andrew, and Amelia Acker. “The Palantir Files: Public Interest Archives for Platform Accountability.” Information, Communication & Society 27, no. 13 (2024): 2343–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2024.2352624.

Iliadis, Andrew, and Amelia Acker. “The Seer and the Seen: Surveying Palantir’s Surveillance Platform.” The Information Society 38, no. 5 (2022): 334–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2022.2100851.

“Introduction: The New Jim Code.” In Race after Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code  / Ruha Benjamin., 1–48. Cambridge, UK ; Polity, 2019. (Ask Prof. Posner for a copy of this.)

Johnson, Jessica Marie. “Markup Bodies: Black [Life] Studies and Slavery [Death] Studies at the Digital Crossroads.” Social Text 36, no. 4 (137) (December 1, 2018): 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-7145658.

Kalluri, Pratyusha Ria, William Agnew, Myra Cheng, Kentrell Owens, Luca Soldaini, and Abeba Birhane. “The Surveillance AI Pipeline.” arXiv, October 17, 2023. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.15084.

Kennedy, Loraine, Ashima Sood, Debdatta Chakraborty, and Ram Mohan Chitta. “Interrogating Data Justice on Hyderabad’s Urban Frontier: Information Politics and the Internal Differentiation of Vulnerable Communities.” Information, Communication & Society 25, no. 9 (July 4, 2022): 1273–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1851388.

Keyes, Os. “The Misgendering Machines: Trans/HCI Implications of Automatic Gender Recognition.” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, no. CSCW (November 1, 2018): 88:1-88:22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274357.

Kraft, Angelie, and Eloïse Soulier. “Knowledge-Enhanced Language Models Are Not Bias-Proof: Situated Knowledge and Epistemic Injustice in AI.” In The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 1433–45. Rio de Janeiro Brazil: ACM, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.3658981.

Kyvernitou, Ioanna, and Antonis Bikakis. “An Ontology for Gendered Content Representation of Cultural Heritage Artefacts.” Digital Humanities Quarterly 11, no. 3 (2017). http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/11/3/000316/000316.html.

Dieuwertje Luitse and Wiebke Denkena, “The Great Transformer: Examining the Role of Large Language Models in the Political Economy of AI,” Big Data & Society 8, no. 2 (2021): 20539517211047734, https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211047734.

Madden, Mary, Michele E. Gilman, Karen Levy, and Alice E. Marwick. “Privacy, Poverty and Big Data: A Matrix of Vulnerabilities for Poor Americans.” SSRN Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, March 9, 2017. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2930247.

Mateescu, Alexandra, and Aiha Nguyen. “Explainer: Workplace Monitoring & Surveillance.” New York, NY: Data & Society, February 2019. https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/DS_Workplace_Monitoring_Surveillance_Explainer.pdf.

Messeri, Lisa, and M. J. Crockett. “Artificial Intelligence and Illusions of Understanding in Scientific Research.” Nature 627, no. 8002 (2024): 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07146-0.

Meyerend, Daniel. “The Algorithm Knows I’m Black: From Users to Subjects.” Media, Culture & Society, December 7, 2022, 01634437221140539. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221140539.

Miceli, Milagros. “­Data Work and Its Layers of (In)Visibility.” MediaWell, Social Science Research Council, September 6, 2023. https://just-tech.ssrc.org/articles/data-work-and-its-layers-of-invisibility/.

Milner, Yeshimabeit and Amy Traub, Data Capitalism and Algorithmic Racism (Demos, 2021), https://www.demos.org/research/data-capitalism-and-algorithmic-racism.

Moura, Ian. “Encoding Normative Ethics: On Algorithmic Bias and Disability.” First Monday, January 16, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v28i1.12905.

Mullen, Lincoln A. “Lynching, Visualization, and Visibility.” The Journal of Southern Religion 17 (2015). http://jsreligion.org/issues/vol17/mullen.html.

“Nature and Space.” In Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed, 9–52. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. (Ask Prof. Posner for a copy of this.)

Newman-Griffis, Denis, Jessica Sage Rauchberg, Rahaf Alharbi, Louise Hickman, and Harry Hochheiser. “Definition Drives Design: Disability Models and Mechanisms of Bias in AI Technologies.” First Monday, January 16, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v28i1.12903.

Patterson, Sarah. “Toward Meaning-Making in the Digital Age: Black Women, Black Data and Colored Conventions.” Common-Place 16, no. 1 (Fall 2015). https://commonplace.online/article/toward-meaning-making-in-the-digital-age-black-women-black-data-and-colored-conventions/.

Pittman, John P. “Double Consciousness.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman, Summer 2024. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2024. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/double-consciousness/.

Redden, Joanna, Dencik, Lina, and Harry and Warne. “Datafied Child Welfare Services: Unpacking Politics, Economics and Power.” Policy Studies 41, no. 5 (September 2, 2020): 507–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2020.1724928.

Ruppert, Evelyn, Engin Isin, and Didier Bigo. “Data Politics.” Big Data & Society 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717717749.

Sadowski, Jathan. “Data.” In The Mechanic and the Luddite. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2025. (Ask Prof. Posner for a copy of this.)

Sadowski, Jathan. “Machine’s Eye View: Postmodern Data Science and the Politics of Ground Truth.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 51, no. 2 (2026): 251–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439251331138.

Sætra, Henrik Skaug, and Evan Selinger. “Technological Remedies for Social Problems: Defining and Demarcating Techno-Fixes and Techno-Solutionism.” Science and Engineering Ethics 30, no. 6 (December 2, 2024): 60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-024-00524-x.

Stevens, Nikki, and Os Keyes. “Seeing Infrastructure: Race, Facial Recognition and the Politics of Data.” Cultural Studies 35, no. 4–5 (September 3, 2021): 833–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2021.1895252.

Stone, Deborah. “The 2017 James Madison Award Lecture: The Ethics of Counting.” PS: Political Science & Politics 51, no. 1 (January 2018): 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096517001767.

Lucy Suchman, “Imaginaries of Omniscience: Automating Intelligence in the US Department of Defense,” Social Studies of Science 53, no. 5 (2023): 761–86, https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127221104938.

Viljoen, Salomé. “A Relational Theory of Data Governance.” Accessed March 25, 2025. https://www.yalelawjournal.org/feature/a-relational-theory-of-data-governance.

Weitzberg, Keren, Margie Cheesman, Aaron Martin, and Emrys Schoemaker. “Between Surveillance and Recognition: Rethinking Digital Identity in Aid.” Big Data & Society 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 20539517211006744.

Widder, David Gray, and Dawn Nafus. “Dislocated Accountabilities in the ‘AI Supply Chain’: Modularity and Developers’ Notions of Responsibility.” Big Data & Society 10, no. 1 (January 2023): 20539517231177620. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517231177620.